The nose, nasal passages and the paranasal sinuses are important structures with many functions associated with comfort of breathing, protection from foreign substance, and sense of smell. The nose and nasal cavity are divided into two sides by a “wall” in the center of your nose, called the septum. The septum is composed of bone and cartilage that is covered by a mucus producing membrane called the mucosa. Each nostrils open into a nasal passage. Each of the two nasal passages has a centered wall (the septum) and a side wall which has boney projections called turbinates. Varying sized air containing chambers some of which resemble a honeycomb are situated behind the bones of the face are called the paranasal sinuses. These sinuses drain into the nasal passages. The roof of the paranasal sinuses is adjacent to skull base and their side walls are next to orbits (where the eyes reside). Five pairs of sinuses and three to four pairs of turbinates are typically present.

The five pairs of sinuses are named the:

• Maxillary sinuses (in our cheeks below our eyes)
• Anterior ethmoid sinuses ( a honeycomb of small chambers between our eyes and below the skull base brain)
• Posterior ethmoid sinuses ( honeycomb of sinuses just behind the anterior ethmoid sinuses)
• Frontal sinuses in the forehead region
• Sphenoid sinuses

Maxillary & Ethmoid Sinuses (blue); turbinate (round pink structures) (click on image to view enlargement)	Sense of smell fibers (stippled white & yellow) reside on the middle & superior turbinate (st and mt) (click on image to view enlargement)
Frontal sinus (dark pink top right) , Ant. ethmoid sinuses (green and yellow), Post. Ethmoid sinus (blue), sphenoid sinus (pink to left of blue) (click on image to view enlargement)

The turbinates are named the:

• Inferior turbinates – our tear ducts opens underneath this turbinate.
• Middle turbinate – the frontal, anterior ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses drain adjacent to this.
• Superior turbinate – lies just in front of the sphenoid sinus and the majority of our sense of smell fibers reside on it and on the septum across directly across from it.
• Supreme turbinate – Occasionally these structures are present and are situated immediately behind the superior turbinates.

The paranasal sinuses connect with the nasal cavity via narrow openings called ostia that drain through channels adjacent to the turbinates. Air and mucus enter and exit to and from the sinus through these openings.

“This information is for general information purposes only. It should not be considered to be specific healthcare information for any particular reader and it should not be construed to create a physician-patient relationship with the reader. For specific advice pertaining to your health please consult with your personal physician or contact the Sinus & Nasal Institute of Florida, P.A. for an appointment.”